The Northern Malay States and Siam
The northern states — Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu — were long under the influence of Siam (Thailand). Under the Bangkok Treaty of 1909 (the Anglo-Siamese Treaty), Siam transferred its rights over these four states to Britain. The British then placed a British Adviser in each state, slowly reducing the rulers' power.
Key idea
Bangkok Treaty 1909: Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu passed from Siam to Britain, which introduced British Advisers.
Johor and diplomacy
Johor took a different path. Its wise ruler Sultan Abu Bakar, known as the Father of Modern Johor, built friendly ties with Britain and even visited Queen Victoria. By modernising his state and using careful diplomacy, he delayed British control for many years.
Reform to protect sovereignty
- In 1895 Johor introduced a written constitution, the Undang-undang Tubuh Kerajaan Johor.
- Johor set up a modern administration and State Council.
- Johor only accepted a British General Adviser in 1914, under Sultan Ibrahim — far later than most other states.
The two responses make an interesting contrast. The northern states could do little once Siam handed them over, so British Advisers arrived quickly. Johor, however, stayed independent longest because its rulers were far-sighted: they made their state well governed and modern, so Britain had no strong reason to step in. This shows that clever leadership, not only military strength, could help protect a state's sovereignty.
Remember
- North: Bangkok Treaty 1909 → Siam to Britain → British Advisers.
- Johor: diplomacy + reform delayed British control until 1914.