Form 4 · Chapter 4

Identifying Physical and Cultural Landscapes

Physical landscape means natural features (hills, rivers); cultural landscape means human-made features (roads, towns, farms).

Two types of landscape

On a topographic map the features we see can be divided into two types of landscape. A physical landscape is made up of natural features formed without human action. A cultural landscape is made up of features built or changed by people.

Examples of each type

  • Physical landscape: hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, swamps, beaches and natural forest.
  • Cultural landscape: roads, railways, towns, villages, paddy fields, plantations, dams and bridges.

Key idea

Physical = natural (river, hill). Cultural = human-made (road, town, farm). Ask: did people build it?

Map symbols (the legend) help us identify these features. For example, a blue line shows a river (physical), while a red line shows a road (cultural). By observing the distribution of the cultural landscape, we can make inferences about people's economic activities — for instance, an area of paddy fields shows farming, and a town crowded with roads shows a trading centre. The skill of identifying and interpreting both landscapes is often tested in the SPM Geography paper.

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