Two types of landscape
On a topographic map the features we see can be divided into two types of landscape. A physical landscape is made up of natural features formed without human action. A cultural landscape is made up of features built or changed by people.
Examples of each type
- Physical landscape: hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, swamps, beaches and natural forest.
- Cultural landscape: roads, railways, towns, villages, paddy fields, plantations, dams and bridges.
Key idea
Physical = natural (river, hill). Cultural = human-made (road, town, farm). Ask: did people build it?
Map symbols (the legend) help us identify these features. For example, a blue line shows a river (physical), while a red line shows a road (cultural). By observing the distribution of the cultural landscape, we can make inferences about people's economic activities — for instance, an area of paddy fields shows farming, and a town crowded with roads shows a trading centre. The skill of identifying and interpreting both landscapes is often tested in the SPM Geography paper.