Biology
Form 5 · 42 topics available
Chapter 1 · Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth
Organisation of Plant Tissue
How specialised cells are grouped into tissues that build the plant body.
OpenMeristematic Tissues and Growth
The dividing tissues that let plants grow longer and thicker throughout life.
OpenGrowth Curves
Reading the shapes that describe how organisms increase in size over time.
OpenChapter 2 · Leaf Structure and Function
Leaf Structure
The internal layers of a leaf and how each part is suited to its job.
OpenMain Organ for Gaseous Exchange
How the leaf is adapted to exchange gases with the surrounding air.
OpenMain Organ for Transpiration
Why the leaf loses water vapour, and what controls the rate.
OpenMain Organ for Photosynthesis
How the leaf captures light and raw materials to build glucose.
OpenCompensation Point
The light level where photosynthesis exactly balances respiration.
OpenChapter 3 · Nutrition in Plants
Main Inorganic Nutrients
Green plants build their own food by photosynthesis, but they still need a supply of inorganic nutrients — mineral ions absorbed from the soil — to grow healthily. This subtopic looks at the main macronutrients and micronutrients and the roles they play.
OpenOrgan for Water and Mineral Salts Uptake
Water and dissolved mineral salts enter a plant through its roots. The root, and especially the tiny root hair cells near its tip, is beautifully adapted for this job. This subtopic explains how uptake happens and why root hairs are so effective.
OpenDiversity in Plant Nutrition
Most plants are autotrophs that make food by photosynthesis, but some have evolved unusual ways of obtaining nutrients. This subtopic explores carnivorous, parasitic and saprophytic plants, and mutually helpful partnerships such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules.
OpenChapter 4 · Transport in Plants
Vascular Tissues
Plants have two transport tissues that together form the vascular system: xylem and phloem. This subtopic compares their structure and function — xylem carrying water upward, phloem carrying food both ways.
OpenTransport of Water and Mineral Salts
Water absorbed by the roots must travel all the way up to the leaves, sometimes tens of metres in a tall tree. This subtopic explains the pathway of water, the transpiration pull that drives it, and the factors that affect the rate of transpiration.
OpenTranslocation
The food made in the leaves must reach every growing and storing part of the plant. This movement of organic products through the phloem is called translocation. This subtopic explains what is moved, where, and how the process is powered.
OpenPhytoremediation
Because plants absorb water and dissolved substances so effectively, they can also be used to clean up pollution. Phytoremediation uses living plants to remove, trap or break down harmful substances in soil and water. This subtopic explains how it works and its advantages and limitations.
OpenChapter 5 · Response in Plants
Types of Responses
How rooted plants respond to directional stimuli such as light, gravity and water through tropisms.
OpenPhytohormone
The chemical growth regulators that control plant growth, development and tropic responses.
OpenApplication of Phytohormones in Agriculture
How farmers and growers use natural and synthetic plant hormones to control crop growth.
OpenChapter 6 · Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Structure of a Flower
The parts of a flower and how each is adapted for sexual reproduction in flowering plants.
OpenDevelopment of Pollen Grains and Embryo Sac
How the male gametes in pollen grains and the female gametes in the embryo sac are formed.
OpenPollination and Fertilisation
How pollen reaches the stigma and how the male gametes fuse with the female gametes in double fertilisation.
OpenDevelopment of Seeds and Fruits
What happens to the ovule and ovary after fertilisation as seeds and fruits are formed.
OpenImportance of Seeds for Survival
Why seeds are vital for the survival and spread of flowering plants, including dormancy and dispersal.
OpenChapter 7 · Adaptations of Plants
Chapter 8 · Biodiversity
Classification System and Naming of Organisms
How living things are grouped into a hierarchy and given standard scientific names using binomial nomenclature.
OpenBiodiversity
The variety of life at genetic, species and ecosystem levels, and why protecting it matters.
OpenMicroorganisms and Viruses
The main groups of microorganisms, the special nature of viruses, and their useful and harmful roles.
OpenChapter 9 · Ecosystem
Chapter 10 · Environmental Sustainability
Threats to the Environment
Human activities that damage the environment — pollution, deforestation and global warming — and their effects.
OpenPreservation, Conservation and Restoration of Ecosystems
Ways to protect natural ecosystems: keeping them untouched, using them wisely, and repairing damaged ones.
OpenPractices in Environmental Sustainability
Everyday practices and larger strategies that reduce our impact on the environment and keep resources for the future.
OpenGreen Technology
Technology designed to reduce harm to the environment through clean energy, efficiency and low emissions.
OpenChapter 11 · Inheritance
Monohybrid Inheritance
A monohybrid cross follows how a single characteristic controlled by one gene is passed from parents to offspring, revealing dominant and recessive patterns.
OpenDihybrid Inheritance
A dihybrid cross tracks two characteristics at once, showing how genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently to give the classic 9:3:3:1 ratio.
OpenGenes and Alleles
Genes are the units of heredity carried on chromosomes, and alleles are their alternative forms — together they explain dominant and recessive traits, genotype and phenotype.
OpenInheritance in Humans
Human inheritance includes multiple-allele traits such as ABO blood groups, sex determination by the X and Y chromosomes, and sex-linked disorders like colour blindness and haemophilia.
OpenChapter 12 · Variation
Types and Factors of Variation
Variation is the difference in characteristics among individuals of the same species, classed as continuous or discontinuous and caused by genetic and environmental factors.
OpenVariation in Humans
Humans show both continuous variation such as height and body mass, and discontinuous variation such as blood group and tongue rolling, shaped by genes and the environment.
OpenMutation
Mutation is a sudden, permanent change in the genetic material — either in a gene or in the number or structure of chromosomes — and is a source of new variation.
OpenChapter 13 · Genetic Technology
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering transfers a chosen gene from one organism into another using recombinant DNA technology, for example to make bacteria produce human insulin.
OpenBiotechnology
Biotechnology uses living organisms or their products in industry, medicine and agriculture — from traditional fermentation to modern gene technology and tissue culture.
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