Chemistry
Form 5 · 22 topics available
Chapter 1 · Redox Equilibrium
Redox Reaction
Redox reactions involve simultaneous oxidation and reduction, described by electron transfer and changes in oxidation number.
OpenStandard Electrode Potential
The standard electrode potential measures a half-cell tendency to gain electrons, measured against the standard hydrogen electrode at 25 °C.
OpenVoltaic Cell
A voltaic cell converts chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction into electrical energy using two different electrodes.
OpenElectrolytic Cell
An electrolytic cell uses an external electric supply to drive a non-spontaneous redox reaction, decomposing an electrolyte.
OpenExtraction of Metals from Their Ores
The method used to extract a metal from its ore depends on the position of the metal in the reactivity series.
OpenRusting
Rusting is the electrochemical corrosion of iron in the presence of both oxygen and water, forming hydrated iron(III) oxide.
OpenChapter 2 · Carbon Compounds
Types of Carbon Compounds
Carbon compounds are classified as organic or inorganic, with organic compounds further divided into hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
OpenHomologous Series
A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same general formula and functional group, showing a gradual change in physical properties.
OpenChemical Properties and Interchange Between Homologous Series
Alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids can be interconverted through reactions such as combustion, addition, oxidation and esterification.
OpenIsomerism
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements, giving them different names and properties.
OpenChapter 3 · Thermochemistry
Heat Change in Reactions
Every chemical reaction absorbs or releases heat. Learn how exothermic and endothermic changes are shown on energy level diagrams.
OpenHeat of Reaction
Heat of reaction is calculated from temperature change using Q = mcθ. Learn heat of neutralisation, combustion, displacement and precipitation.
OpenApplication of Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions in Daily Life
Hot packs, cold packs, self-heating cans and instant cooling all rely on exothermic and endothermic reactions. See how the heat change is put to use.
OpenChapter 4 · Polymer
Polymer
Polymers are giant molecules built from many small units called monomers. Learn addition polymerisation, natural and synthetic polymers, and everyday uses.
OpenNatural Rubber
Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene tapped from rubber trees. Learn coagulation, why acid is added, and how vulcanisation improves its properties.
OpenSynthetic Rubber
Synthetic rubber is made in factories to overcome the weaknesses of natural rubber. Compare their properties and meet SBR and neoprene.
OpenChapter 5 · Consumer and Industrial Chemistry
Oils and Fats
Oils and fats are natural esters of glycerol and fatty acids; their saturation decides physical state, reactivity and health effects.
OpenCleaning Agents
Soaps and detergents remove grease using molecules with a water-loving head and a grease-loving tail; detergents also work in hard water.
OpenFood Additives
Food additives are chemicals added to food to preserve it, improve taste, colour or texture; each type has a specific function and limits.
OpenMedicines and Cosmetics
Medicines treat and prevent disease, from analgesics to antibiotics; cosmetics improve appearance but their chemicals may cause side effects.
OpenApplication of Nanotechnology in Industry
Nanotechnology works with particles 1 to 100 nm; their huge surface area to volume ratio gives new properties used across many industries.
OpenApplication of Green Technology in Management of Industrial Wastes
Green technology manages industrial waste sustainably through reduce, reuse and recycle and clean treatment, protecting the environment.
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