History
Form 3 · 32 topics available
Chapter 1 · The Coming of Western Powers
The Stability and Prosperity of Our Country
Before the Western powers came, the Malay states enjoyed stable government, an orderly society and a prosperous economy built on farming and trade.
OpenFactors Behind the Arrival of Western Powers in Our Country
The Industrial Revolution, the search for wealth, faith and glory (3G), and new technology all pushed the Western powers to sail east to our country.
OpenRivalry Among Western Powers to Acquire Colonies
The Portuguese, Dutch and British competed in turn to seize territory and control trade in the Malay world, a rivalry finally settled in 1824.
OpenDifferences in the Strategies of Western Powers to Control Our Country
The Portuguese used force, the Dutch sought a trade monopoly, and the British used treaties and the Resident system to rule indirectly.
OpenChapter 2 · Administration of the Straits Settlements
The Expansion of British Power in Penang, Singapore and Melaka
The British gained Penang (1786), Singapore (1819) and Melaka (1824), then joined them in 1826 to form the Straits Settlements.
OpenThe Treaty of London 1824 and Its Impact on the Malay World
In 1824, Britain and the Dutch divided the Malay world along the Straits of Melaka, splitting the Johor-Riau empire in two.
OpenThe Formation of the Straits Settlements
How Britain gathered Penang, Melaka and Singapore into one colony, the Straits Settlements, by 1826.
OpenThe Administration of the Straits Settlements
From East India Company rule to a Crown Colony in 1867, headed by a Governor in Singapore.
OpenChapter 3 · Administration of the Federated Malay States
The Administration of the Federated Malay States
How the FMS of 1896 was run from Kuala Lumpur by a Resident-General, with a Federal Council added in 1909.
OpenThe Natural Wealth of Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang
Why the tin (and gold) of the four western Malay states drew immigrants, conflict and British interest.
OpenThe Expansion of British Power in Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang
How the Pangkor Treaty 1874 and the Resident system spread British control across the four western states.
OpenThe Formation of the Federated Malay States
Why Britain federated Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang into the FMS in 1896.
OpenChapter 4 · Administration of the Unfederated Malay States
Government of the Malay Sultanates in Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu and Johor
Before British expansion, five states were governed by their own sultans under Islamic law and Malay custom, with the northern states under Siamese influence.
OpenBritish Expansion in Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu
The Anglo-Siamese (Bangkok) Treaty of 1909 transferred the four northern states from Siam to Britain, which then placed a British Adviser in each.
OpenBritish Expansion in Johor
Johor stayed independent longest through skilful diplomacy, but after the 1885 treaty it finally accepted a British General Adviser in 1914.
OpenThe Administrative System of the Unfederated Malay States
The five Unfederated Malay States were never united; each kept its own government under a British Adviser, with rulers keeping more sovereignty than in the FMS.
OpenChapter 5 · Western Administration in Sarawak and Sabah
Background of Local Rule in Sarawak and Sabah
Before Western powers arrived, Sarawak was ruled by Brunei through Pengiran nobles, while Sabah was divided between the Brunei and Sulu sultanates.
OpenThe Expansion of Brooke Rule in Sarawak
James Brooke arrived in 1839, helped Brunei crush a revolt, and became Rajah of Sarawak in 1841, beginning the White Rajahs who expanded the state from Kuching.
OpenThe Expansion of British North Borneo Company Power in Sabah
How Overbeck and Dent's concessions led to British North Borneo Company rule in Sabah, and the resistance it faced.
OpenWestern Administration in Sarawak and Sabah
Comparing Brooke family rule in Sarawak with British North Borneo Company rule in Sabah, and how both replaced Brunei's power.
OpenChapter 6 · Economic and Social Impact of Western Administration
The Introduction of the Modern Economy by Western Powers in Our Country
How Western powers turned a subsistence economy into a modern export economy built on tin, rubber, transport and immigrant labour.
OpenWestern Administration Related to the Economy
How British land, mining and labour laws and departments were designed to run, tax and protect the colonial export economy.
OpenThe Economic Effects of Western Administration in Our Country
How colonial rule created an export economy dependent on tin and rubber and a divided, uneven dual economy.
OpenThe Social Effects of Economic Development in Our Country
How immigration and economic growth created a multi-ethnic, plural society with separate schools, growing towns and new services.
OpenChapter 7 · Resistance of the Local Community
Aims and Forms of Local Resistance
Local rulers, chiefs and people resisted Western powers to defend their sovereignty, customs, religion and livelihoods.
OpenEffects of Western Administration on Rulers' Power and Local Society
Western administration through the Resident and Adviser systems reduced the rulers' power and changed the economy and society of the local people.
OpenLocal Resistance Against Western Powers
Across Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah, many leaders led armed resistance against Western control, from Pasir Salak to Bukit Sadok and Tambunan.
OpenEffects of Local Resistance
Although most uprisings were defeated, local resistance showed a strong spirit of patriotism and produced heroes still honoured today.
OpenChapter 8 · The Wisdom of Malay Rulers and Chiefs in Facing Western Challenges
Reactions of the Northern Malay States and Johor to Western Actions
The Northern Malay States passed from Siam to British control in 1909, while Johor used diplomacy and reform to protect its sovereignty.
OpenActions of the Malay Rulers in Facing Western Challenges
Wise Malay rulers used diplomacy, written constitutions and modernisation to protect their sovereignty from Western pressure.
OpenEfforts of Malay Chiefs in Modernising the State
How Malay rulers such as Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor modernised their government, law and economy to stay strong and keep their sovereignty.
OpenEffectiveness of Local Rulers in Facing Western Challenges
Comparing how Malay rulers faced Western pressure: diplomacy and modernisation in Johor versus the Resident system forced on Perak in 1874.
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