Sejarah
Form 5 · 52 topics available
Chapter 1 · Kedaulatan Negara
The Concept of Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the supreme authority of a state to govern its own people and territory without external control.
OpenCharacteristics of a Sovereign State
A sovereign state must possess a defined territory, a permanent population, a government and recognised sovereignty.
OpenThe Importance of Establishing a Sovereign Nation
A sovereign nation guarantees security, unity, self-government and international standing for its people.
OpenSteps to Defend National Sovereignty
Sovereignty is protected through strong defence, patriotic citizens, firm laws and skilful diplomacy.
OpenChapter 2 · Perlembagaan Persekutuan
Historical Background of the Federal Constitution
The Federal Constitution grew out of earlier arrangements from the Pangkor Treaty to the Malayan Union and the 1948 Federation.
OpenThe Drafting of the Federal Constitution
An independent commission chaired by Lord Reid was appointed in 1956 to draft Malaya's independence constitution.
OpenMain Features of the Federal Constitution
The Federal Constitution is the supreme law, establishing a constitutional monarchy, a federal system and parliamentary democracy.
OpenThe Constitutional Amendments of 1963 and 1965
The 1963 amendment created Malaysia by admitting Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore; the 1965 amendment marked Singapore's separation.
OpenChapter 3 · Raja Berperlembagaan dan Demokrasi Berparlimen
Background of Monarchical Rule and Parliamentary Democracy
Malaysia blends an ancient tradition of Malay monarchy with a parliamentary democracy modelled on the British system.
OpenHistory and Position of the Conference of Rulers
The Conference of Rulers, rooted in the colonial-era Durbar, brings together the Malay rulers and governors to safeguard key national matters.
OpenThe Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers in the Federal Constitution
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Malaysia's supreme head, elected for five years and acting on the advice of the Cabinet.
OpenDemocratic Practice and the Separation of Powers
Malaysia's democracy divides government into legislature, executive and judiciary, with leaders chosen through general elections.
OpenThe Uniqueness of Malaysia's Parliamentary Democracy
Malaysia's democracy is unique for blending a rotational elected monarchy with a federal parliamentary system.
OpenChapter 4 · Sistem Persekutuan
Background of Malaysia's Federal System
A federal system shares governing power between one central government and several state governments under a single written constitution.
OpenPowers of the Federal and State Governments
The Ninth Schedule of the Federal Constitution divides subjects into the Federal List, the State List and the Concurrent List.
OpenCooperation Between the Federal and State Governments
Several national councils bring the federal and state governments together to coordinate policy on finance, land and local government.
OpenFactors that Strengthen the Federal System
The Constitution, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the Conference of Rulers, Parliament and single citizenship all help hold Malaysia's federation together.
OpenChapter 5 · Pembentukan Malaysia
The Concept of the Idea of Malaysia
The idea of Malaysia was to merge Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei into one larger federation, publicly proposed by Tunku Abdul Rahman in 1961.
OpenDevelopment of the Idea and Efforts to Form Malaysia
After 1961 the idea was developed through consultative bodies, official visits and inquiry commissions that turned the proposal into a workable plan.
OpenLocal and Neighbouring-Country Reactions to the Formation of Malaysia
The plan drew both support and opposition at home, while Indonesia and the Philippines strongly objected to the new federation.
OpenSteps in the Formation of Malaysia
Malaysia was formed through a series of steps: consultation, the Cobbold Commission survey, constitutional committees, the Malaysia Agreement and a UN assessment.
OpenThe July 1963 Agreement and the Declaration of Malaysia
The Malaysia Agreement was signed in London on 9 July 1963, and Malaysia was officially declared on 16 September 1963.
OpenThe Confrontation (Konfrontasi) and Efforts to Handle It
Indonesia's Confrontation opposed the new Malaysia through propaganda and armed raids, and was ended through diplomacy and defence, culminating in the 1966 Bangkok Accord.
OpenChapter 6 · Cabaran Selepas Pembentukan Malaysia
Internal Challenges of Malaysia
After Malaysia was formed in 1963, the young nation faced serious internal challenges that tested its unity and survival.
OpenThe Separation of Singapore (9 August 1965)
Less than two years after joining Malaysia, Singapore separated on 9 August 1965 amid deep political, economic and racial disagreements.
OpenCountering the Communist Threat
The Malayan Communist Party renewed its armed insurgency in 1968, and Malaysia used both military and community measures to defeat it before peace in 1989.
OpenDevelopment and Economic Issues
Wide economic gaps and the link between race and economic function led Malaysia to launch the New Economic Policy in 1971 to reduce poverty and restructure society.
OpenThe Racial-Relations Tragedy (13 May 1969)
The 13 May 1969 incident was a tragic outbreak of racial violence that led to emergency rule and reshaped Malaysia's national policies.
OpenChapter 7 · Membina Kesejahteraan Negara
Unity and National Integration
National unity and integration are the process of binding Malaysia's diverse peoples and regions into one harmonious, loyal nation.
OpenThe National Education Policy
The National Education Policy created a common school system and curriculum, built on the Razak Report of 1956, to unite Malaysians through education.
OpenMalay as the Language of Knowledge and Unity
Malay, established as the national language under Article 152, serves as both a common language of unity and a medium for knowledge and learning.
OpenThe National Cultural Policy
Formulated in 1971, the National Cultural Policy set principles for building a shared national culture to strengthen unity among Malaysia's diverse peoples.
OpenSport as a Tool of Unity
Sport brings Malaysians of all races together in teamwork and shared pride, making it a powerful tool for national unity.
OpenThe Rukun Negara as a Pillar of National Well-Being
Proclaimed on 31 August 1970, the Rukun Negara is the national ideology of five principles that guides Malaysians toward unity and well-being.
OpenChapter 8 · Membina Kemakmuran Negara
Formation of the New Economic Policy (NEP)
The New Economic Policy was launched in 1971 to heal ethnic tensions by attacking poverty and restructuring an unbalanced economy.
OpenImplementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP)
The NEP was carried out through successive five-year Malaysia Plans and a network of new agencies aimed at poverty and social restructuring.
OpenFormation of the National Development Policy (NDP)
When the NEP ended in 1990, the National Development Policy continued its goals from 1991 to 2000 within the wider framework of Vision 2020.
OpenImplementation of the National Development Policy (NDP)
The NDP was carried out through the Sixth and Seventh Malaysia Plans, targeting hardcore poverty, privatisation and human capital.
OpenAchievements of the NEP and the NDP
Together the NEP and NDP sharply reduced poverty, grew a Bumiputera middle class and strengthened national unity, though the 30% equity target was not fully met.
OpenChapter 9 · Dasar Luar Malaysia
Background of Malaysia's Foreign Policy
Malaysia's foreign policy has evolved through three phases, moving from a pro-Western stance at independence toward neutrality and non-alignment.
OpenThe Basis for Formulating Foreign Policy
Malaysia's foreign policy is shaped by historical, geographic, economic, political and social factors, guided by principles such as sovereignty and neutrality.
OpenMalaysia in the United Nations (UN)
Malaya joined the United Nations in 1957 and has since contributed to peacekeeping, decolonisation and the Palestinian cause.
OpenMalaysia in the Commonwealth
Malaya joined the Commonwealth on independence in 1957, gaining benefits in education, trade, defence and sport, and later hosting a major summit.
OpenChallenges in Strengthening Foreign Policy
Malaysia's foreign policy faces challenges from globalisation, territorial disputes, great-power rivalry and transnational threats.
OpenMalaysia in ASEAN
Malaysia was a founding member of ASEAN, formed on 8 August 1967, and has promoted regional peace through ZOPFAN and cooperation.
OpenMalaysia in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Malaysia joined the Non-Aligned Movement in 1970, staying neutral in the Cold War, and hosted its summit in Kuala Lumpur in 2003.
OpenMalaysia in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
Malaysia is a founding member of the OIC, formed in 1969, and Tunku Abdul Rahman became its first Secretary-General.
OpenChapter 10 · Kecemerlangan Malaysia di Persada Dunia
Malaysia in Contemporary Global Issues
As a sovereign nation, Malaysia takes principled stands on world issues such as decolonisation, the Palestinian cause and human rights through multilateral bodies.
OpenMalaysia's Role in International Economic Relations
As a trading nation, Malaysia builds prosperity by joining regional and global economic groupings and by promoting cooperation among developing countries.
OpenCitizen Involvement in Humanitarian and Peace Issues
Malaysians contribute to global peace and humanitarian relief through peacekeeping missions, NGOs and volunteer efforts that carry the nation's values abroad.
OpenMalaysia's Commitment to Global Sustainability
Malaysia joins global efforts to protect the environment by conserving forests, adopting green technology and supporting international agreements on climate.
OpenMalaysia's Vision Heading into the Future
Guided by visions such as Wawasan 2020 and Shared Prosperity Vision 2030, Malaysia aims to become a fully developed, united and prosperous nation.
OpenNeed help with Sejarah? A verified JomKelas tutor can guide you through any topic.
Find a verified tutor