Sains
Form 4 · 44 topics available
Chapter 1 · Langkah Keselamatan di Dalam Makmal
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn in the school laboratory to protect the body from chemical, biological and physical hazards during experiments.
OpenDisposal of Waste
Laboratory waste must be sorted and disposed of correctly to protect people, apparatus and the environment from harm.
OpenFire Extinguishers
A fire extinguisher is a portable device that puts out small fires by removing heat, fuel or oxygen; the right type must match the class of fire.
OpenChapter 2 · Bantuan Kecemasan
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency technique of chest compressions and rescue breaths that keeps blood and oxygen moving when a person's heart and breathing stop.
OpenHeimlich Maneuver
The Heimlich maneuver is a first-aid technique of abdominal thrusts used to force out an object blocking the airway of a choking person.
OpenChapter 3 · Teknik Mengukur Parameter Kesihatan Badan
Body Temperature
Body temperature is a health parameter that shows how well the body regulates its internal heat; a healthy human core temperature is about 37 degrees Celsius.
OpenPulse Rate
Pulse rate is the number of times an artery expands each minute as the heart beats, and it is a useful indicator of heart activity and fitness.
OpenBlood Pressure
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the artery walls, measured as systolic over diastolic pressure in millimetres of mercury.
OpenBody Mass Index (BMI)
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a health parameter that compares body mass to height, calculated as mass in kilograms divided by height in metres squared.
OpenChapter 4 · Teknologi Hijau dalam Melestarikan Alam
Environmental Sustainability
How green technology helps us meet today's needs without destroying the resources that future generations will need.
OpenEnergy Sector
How the energy sector applies green technology by shifting to renewable sources and using energy more efficiently.
OpenWaste and Wastewater Management Sector
How green technology manages solid waste and treats wastewater so that land and water stay clean.
OpenAgriculture and Forestry Sector
How green technology helps farms and forests produce food and timber without exhausting the soil, water and biodiversity.
OpenTransportation Sector
How green technology reduces the pollution and greenhouse gases produced when people and goods move around.
OpenGreen Technology and Life
How green technology fits into daily life at home, in buildings and in the choices we make as consumers.
OpenChapter 5 · Genetik
Genetics
An introduction to genetics: how genes, DNA, chromosomes and alleles carry inherited information from parents to offspring.
OpenInheritance
How genes pass from parents to offspring: dominant and recessive alleles, genotype and phenotype, Mendel's work and the Punnett square.
OpenMutation
Mutation as a sudden change in DNA: gene versus chromosome mutations, mutagens, and why some mutations are harmful while others are beneficial.
OpenGenetic Engineering Technology
Genetic engineering: transferring genes to create GMOs, the role of restriction enzymes and plasmids, and applications in medicine, agriculture and industry.
OpenVariation
Variation among individuals of a species: continuous versus discontinuous variation, their causes, and why variation matters for survival.
OpenChapter 6 · Sokongan, Pergerakan dan Pertumbuhan
Support, Movement and Growth in Animals
How animals support their bodies and move: hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons and endoskeletons, antagonistic muscles, and the meaning of growth.
OpenHuman Movement and Growth
The human skeleton, joints and antagonistic muscles at the elbow, and how human growth is controlled by hormones and nutrition.
OpenSupport, Growth and Stability in Plants
How plants stay upright and stable: turgor pressure, xylem and wood, root systems for anchorage, and growth at the meristems.
OpenChapter 7 · Koordinasi Badan
Human Endocrine System
How glands release hormones into the blood to coordinate and control body activities such as growth and blood sugar.
OpenDisruption to Body Coordination
What happens when hormones are out of balance or when drugs and alcohol interfere with the nervous system.
OpenHealthy Mind
Why mental health matters and the everyday habits that keep the mind calm, balanced and well.
OpenChapter 8 · Unsur dan Bahan
Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and it exists as solids, liquids and gases whose behaviour is explained by the movement of tiny particles.
OpenElements and Substances
Pure substances are either elements or compounds, while mixtures are formed by physically combining substances that keep their own properties.
OpenIsotope
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, giving them different masses but identical chemical properties.
OpenChapter 9 · Kimia Industri
Alloy
An alloy is a mixture of a metal with other elements, made to be harder, stronger and more resistant to corrosion than the pure metal.
OpenGlass and Ceramic
Glass is made from silica while ceramics are made from clay hardened by firing; both are hard, brittle materials that act as good insulators.
OpenPolymer
A polymer is a large molecule built from many repeating monomer units, and polymers can be natural, like rubber, or synthetic, like plastics.
OpenChapter 10 · Kimia dalam Perubatan dan Kesihatan
Chemicals in Industry and Health
Industry processes chemicals on a large scale for use in medicine, food, hygiene and farming; used correctly they benefit health, but the wrong amount or careless handling can cause harm.
OpenTraditional Medicine, Modern Medicine and Complementary Medicine
Traditional medicine is inherited natural knowledge, modern medicine is developed and tested by science, and complementary medicine is used alongside modern treatment to support health.
OpenFree Radicals
A free radical is a highly reactive atom or molecule with an unpaired electron; it steals electrons from healthy molecules, causing oxidative stress that damages cells and DNA.
OpenAntioxidant Substances
An antioxidant is a substance that protects cells by donating an electron to neutralise free radicals; good sources include vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene from fruits and vegetables.
OpenHealth Products
Health products such as supplements, traditional tonics and cosmetics support health but do not cure disease; in Malaysia they must be registered with NPRA and carry a MAL number.
OpenChapter 11 · Daya dan Gerakan
Linear Motion Graphs
Displacement-time and velocity-time graphs describe linear motion: on an s-t graph the gradient is velocity, while on a v-t graph the gradient is acceleration and the area is displacement.
OpenGravitational Acceleration and Free Fall
Gravitational acceleration g is about 9.81 m/s2 near Earth, and in free fall an object moves under gravity alone, so in a vacuum all objects fall at the same rate.
OpenMass and Inertia
Mass is the quantity of matter in an object and stays constant everywhere, while inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in its state of motion, growing larger with mass.
OpenChapter 12 · Tenaga Nuklear
The Use of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is the large energy stored in the atomic nucleus; a small mass converts to great energy (E = mc²) and is used to generate electricity and in medicine, agriculture and industry.
OpenThe Production of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear fission splits a heavy uranium-235 nucleus with a neutron into lighter nuclei plus 2–3 neutrons and energy; the extra neutrons sustain a controlled chain reaction that produces heat.
OpenImpact of Using Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy gives high, reliable, low-carbon power, but its use brings radioactive waste, high cost and the risk of serious accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima.
OpenNuclear Energy in Malaysia
Malaysia has no nuclear power station and relies on gas, coal and hydro; it does use nuclear technology in medicine, agriculture, industry and research, regulated by the AELB and the Malaysian Nuclear Agency.
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