Sains

Form 5 · 27 topics available

Chapter 1 · Mikroorganisma

World of Microorganisms

Microorganisms are tiny living things — bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa — that are found everywhere and can only be seen through a microscope.

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Useful Microorganisms

Many microorganisms are useful to humans, working in the production of food, medicines, fertilisers and clean energy.

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Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Caused by Microorganisms

Diseases caused by microorganisms can be prevented with vaccines and good hygiene, and bacterial infections treated with antibiotics.

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Chapter 2 · Nutrisi dan Teknologi Makanan

Balanced Diet and Calorific Value

A balanced diet supplies all seven classes of food in the right amounts, while the calorific value of a food tells us how much energy it releases.

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Nutrient Requirements in Plants

Plants need macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in large amounts, and micronutrients in tiny amounts, for healthy growth.

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Nitrogen Cycle

The nitrogen cycle is the natural process, driven largely by bacteria, that converts nitrogen between the air, the soil and living things.

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Food Production Technology

Food production technology uses modern methods such as hydroponics, tissue culture, GM crops and aquaculture to produce more and better food.

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Food Processing Technology

Food processing technology preserves food by removing the warmth, moisture or air that microorganisms need to grow.

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Health Foods and Health Supplements

Health foods are natural foods with extra benefits, while health supplements are concentrated nutrients taken to add to — not replace — a balanced diet.

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Chapter 3 · Kelestarian Alam

Product Life Cycle

A product life cycle follows a product from raw-material extraction through manufacturing, distribution and use to disposal; studying it, and applying the 3R, helps reduce its environmental impact.

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Environmental pollution is the release of harmful pollutants into air, water or land; it causes problems such as acid rain, global warming and haze, and can be controlled by treating waste and using cleaner energy.

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Preservation and Conservation of the Environment

Preservation keeps nature in its untouched state while conservation uses natural resources wisely and sustainably; methods include national parks, reforestation, laws and the 3R, all aiming for sustainability.

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Chapter 4 · Kadar Tindak Balas

Introduction to Rate of Reaction

The rate of reaction measures how fast a chemical change happens, found from the change in a reactant or product per unit time.

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Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction

Concentration, temperature, surface area and catalysts all change how fast a reaction goes, explained by collision theory.

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Applications of the Concept of Rate of Reaction

Understanding rate of reaction lets us slow unwanted reactions, such as food spoilage, and speed up useful ones in cooking and industry.

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Chapter 5 · Sebatian Karbon

Introduction of Carbon Compound

Carbon compounds are compounds containing carbon; because carbon can form four bonds and chain with itself, it produces millions of different substances found in living things and fuels.

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Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen; alkanes (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂) are saturated with single bonds while alkenes (CₙH₂ₙ) are unsaturated with a double bond, and each family forms a homologous series.

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Alcohol

Alcohols contain the hydroxyl group –OH; ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is made when yeast ferments sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide, and it is used as a fuel, solvent and antiseptic.

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Fats

Fats are esters of glycerol and fatty acids; saturated fats have no C=C double bonds and are solid animal fats, while unsaturated fats have double bonds and are liquid vegetable oils.

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Palm Oil

Palm oil is a vegetable oil pressed from the fruit of the oil palm; Malaysia is a leading producer, and the oil is used for food, soap, cosmetics and biodiesel and is rich in vitamin E.

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